Just four years of Abu Abbas's reign. He died. The next
caliph is Abu Ja'far (754-775). He was the first Caliph to use the title. For
himself, he uses the title of Al-Mansyur. His administration accommodated many
interests of Persian society. The nation's capital was even moved to the banks
of the Tigris River-close to Ctesiphon, the capital of the old Persian Empire.
Mentioned, Al-Mansyur conducted an in-depth survey for the
determination of the location of the capital. He sent staff to stay there to
report on the state of the region in various seasons. He was called to bring in
about 100,000 workers from various regions - Kufa, Basra, Mosul and Syria - to
become architects, builders, sculptors, painters to build a place that was once
used as the rest of Emperor Kisra Anusyirwan. Around 762 AD, Baghdad was born
as one of the greatest cities in the world at that time.
Al-Mansyur is considered the milestone of the Abbasid
successor. But he did it with an iron fist. Abdullah and Salih bin al-Ali, two
of his uncle who refused to be baiat for him, killed Abu Muslim for his
messengers. Abu Muslim himself then he killed. For the military, he again made
an expansion to recapture the territories of the Umayyads first. He introduced
the concept of 'Vizir' which is now termed the prime minister. The postal
service was tasked with intelligence-including overseeing the governors.
On the other hand, Baghdad built as a center of
civilization. Science and art is developed. In Kufa, in the time of Al-Mansour,
Imam Abu Hanifa (700-767) gave him a good place. Abu Hanifah had the
opportunity to formulate Islamic laws, which came to be known as the Hanafi
school. A school deeply influenced by the tendency of Muslim intellectuals in
Kufa: strong in rationality.
The prosperity of society manifested at the time of the
Caliph Al-Mahdi (775-785). The irrigation program has succeeded in increasing
agricultural production many times. The trade routes from Central and Eastern
Asia to Europe through the Abbasid caliphate were running rapidly. Mining of
gold, silver, iron and copper, goes well. Basrah in the Persian Gulf grew into
one of the most important ports in the world.
At the same time, science thrives. In Medina, Imam Malik
(713-795) also composed Islamic jurisprudence or law. He is not like Hanafi. He
uses many hadiths directly as well as Madinah society traditions. The peak of
Islamic civilization occurred during the time of Harun Al-Rashid (786-809). Not
only the public's accomplishment, but also education, culture, literature and
so on.
Harun Al-Rashid built hospitals, medical schools, and
pharmacies. At that time, an estimated 800 doctors. He also built public baths.
His wife built a channel of water from Taif to meet the needs of water in Mecca
that was not quite met by zamzam wells.
This "golden age" was continued by Al-Ma'mun
(813-833). He founded many schools. Various Greek books were translated into
Arabic. He also established "Bait Al-Hikmah" -culture as well as
college. In his time Imam Shafi (767-820) and Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal (780-855)
also wrote the Jurisprudence Book which later became their own school of
thought. The school with an approach that lies between the Hanafi and Maliki
schools. Islamic thinkers who put forward the rationality, known as the
Mu'tazila, namely Abu Huzail (752-849) and Al-Nazam (801-835) also threw his
ideas in this period.
Until the Caliph of Al-Mutawakkil (847-861), the Abbasid
Daulat still revealed its greatness. However, in politics, Al-Mutawakkil began
to make a number of changes. He is more Turkish-oriented than Persian. Even the
religious understanding of the country he changed. The Caliph al-Ma'mun used
rational mu'tazila for the state. Al-Mutawakil dismissed it, and used the
'salaf' flow of the Hanbali school.
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