Utsman bin Affan died. The Medina and the three troops from Egypt, Basrah and Kaufah agreed to choose Ali bin Abu Thalib as the new Caliph. According to his history, Ali had denied the appointment. But all are urgent to lead the people. Ali's inauguration was held at the mosque of Nabawi.
Ali was one of the closest friends to the Apostle. As a child, Muhammad was raised by Abu Talib-his uncle who was also Ali's father. After marrying and seeing Abu Talib living in need, Muhammad kept Ali at his home. Ali and Zaid bin Harithah - the adoptive son of Muhammad - were the first to convert to Islam, after Khadijah. They always pray in congregation.
Intelligence and courage as very prominent in the Quraysh. As children, he has challenged the leaders of Quraysh were booed Muhammad. When Muhammad and the Quraysh emigrants have a sword to kill him, Ali slept in the bed of Muhammad wearing a coat and used the Apostle.
On the battlefield, he is a highly respected fighter. Well in the battle of Badar, Uhud to Khandaq. His name was increasingly praised after he had broken down the gate of Khaibar fortress which became the last defense of the Jews. Towards the Apostle to perform Hajj, Ali was tasked with carrying out military missions to Yemen and doing well.
Regarding his intelligence, Muhammad once praised Ali with the words: "I am the capital of knowledge and Ali is his gates." Ali's fluency is praised by many. The apostle then married Ali with his youngest daughter, Fatimah. After Fatimah died, Ali was married to Asmak-janda who twice left his husband's death, Ja'far (brother Ali) and Caliph Abu Bakr.
As a caliph he inherited a very chaotic government. Also the political tension caused by Uthman's murder. The Umayyads controlled almost all government seats. Of the 20 existing governors, only the Iraqi Governor "Abu Musa Al-Asyari" is not an Umayyad family. They demanded Ali to try Uthman's killer. Such demands are also posed by many neutral figures such as widow Rasulullah -Aisyah, also Zubair and Thalhah -two first people who converted to Islam like Ali.
Some people accuse Ali too close to the killers. Ali called the court difficult to implement before the political situation subsided. It means to unify the country first. For this, he urged Muawiyah bin Abu Sofyan - Governor of Syam, who was also Umayyad's leader-to immediately deal with him.
Muawiyah refused to do so before Ustman's assassin was punished. Ali is ready to attack Muawiyah. A number of important companions like Mughairah, Saad bin Abi Waqas, Abdullah's son Umar advised Ali to postpone the attack. Likewise Ali's cousin, Ibn Abbas. But Ali insisted, so Ibn Abbas criticized him: "You are really a warlord, not a statesman."
Ali immediately assembled the troops. He goes to Kufa, the area where his people support Ali. He left the capital of Medina completely, on the contrary, to direct the war. What is unusual is the leaders of the country. One year has passed, Ustman's killer has not been taken.
This step further invites criticism from Aisha's group. Aishah, Thalhah and Zubair then led 30 thousand troops from Mecca. Ali's squad - who was originally directed to Syam - was forced to face him. The sad event happened: the war between Muslims.
Aishah led his troops in a covered stretcher over a camel. Many troops also ride camels. Then the war was called the Camel War. About 10 thousand people were killed in this Muslim war. Aisha was captured after his sign was full of arrows. Zubair was killed in Al-Sibak. Thalhah was injured in his leg and died in Basra.
The opportunity was used by Muawiyah. He hung a bloody Ustman cloak, and a piece of Ustman's wife's finger, in the Damascus mosque to corner Ali. It even accused Ali of being the brain of Ustman's murder. Muawiyah managed to attract Amru bin Ash to his side.
Amru is a highly respected politician. He was lured into the Governor of Egypt. Abdullah, the pious son of Amru, advised his father to refuse Muawiyah's invitation. But Muhammad - a politician - suggested that Amru take a chance. Amru is tempted. He supports Muawiyah to be a rival caliph.
Both sides fought in Shiffin, upstream of the Euphrates River on the border with Iraq-Syria. Tens of thousands of Muslims have been killed. On the part of Ali, the death of 35 thousand Muawiyah party 45 thousand. In desperation, the Muawiyah investigated. On the recommendation of Amru, they tie the Quran at the end of the spear and invite to use "the Quran as the law."
Ali's side was split. Some argue that the call should be respected. Others call it the only Muawiyah way to cheat avoid defeat. Ali suffers. The two parties negotiate. Amru bin Ash on the part of Muawiyah, Abu Musa - known as a devout and dislike politician - on Ali's side. Both agreed to "lower" Ali and Muawiyah. However Amru again denied the deal.
The uncertain situation angered Hurkus-the commander of Ali's army from the Tamim family. Hurkus is a straight and hard man. The way he sees the problem is always "black and white". Because of his narrow way of thinking, he once sued the Messenger of Allah. Now he considers Muawiyah and Ali to violate God's law. "Laa hukma illallah (no law but Allah)," he exclaimed. God's lawmakers may be killed, he argued.
Hurkus group soon strengthened. People call this radical group a "khawarij" (outgoing line). They attack and even kill people who differ with him. The killing took place in several places. They think the new state will be upheld if three people are considered the cause of the problem, namely Ali, Muawiyah and Amru killed.
Hujaj was tasked with killing Muwawiyah in Damascus, Amru bin Abu Bakr killed Ambru bin Ash in Egypt and Abdurrahman killed Ali in Kufa. Muawiyah who is now living with a strict escort of the king is only injured. Amru bin Abu Bakr killed one of the priests who replaced Amru bin Ash. In Kaufah, Ali was on his way to the mosque when attacked by a sword. Two days later he died. The incident occurred on Ramadan 40 Hijriah or 661 AD.
The end of the model of Islamic leadership for the country exemplified by the Prophet. Muawiyah then used the "government" model of the Islamic state government. The capital was moved from Medina to Damascus.
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