By the time of his death, Umar bin Khattab said. For three days, the imam of the mosque should be handed over to Suhaib Al-Rumi. On the fourth day, however, a successor has been chosen. Umar gave six names. They are Ali ibn Abu Talib, Utsman ibn Affan, Zubair bin Awwam, Saad bin Abi Waqas, Abdurrahman bin Auff and Thalhah son Ubaidillah.
The six men gathered. Abdurrahman bin Auff started the conversation by saying who he was among those who were willing to resign. He then declared himself back from the nomination. Three others followed. Stay Utsman and Ali. Abdurrahman was appointed to be the decider. He then met a lot of people asking for their opinions. But the public opinion was split.
Imar the son of Yasir proposed Ali. So did Mikdad. While Abdullah son of Abu Sarah campaigned hard for Utsman. Abdullah used to convert to Islam, then turned back to kafir again and sentenced to death by the Prophet. On the guarantee Utsman punishment is not implemented. Abdullah and Utsman are "dairy brothers".
It is said that most people do tend to choose Utsman. At that time, the economic life of Medina was very good. Community behavior shifted. They began to be reluctant to figures whose daily lives were as simple and assertive as Abu Bakr or Umar. Ali has a similar personality. While Utsman is a very rich and generous.
Abdurrahman - who is also very rich - decided Utsman as Caliph. Ali had protested. Abdurrahman is Utsman's brother-in-law. They are both Umayyad families. While Ali, like Muhammad, is the family of Hashim. For a long time both families were competing. But Abdurrahman assured Ali that his decision was purely from conscience. Ali then accepted the decision.
So became the oldest Utsman caliph. At the time of appointment, he was 70 years old. He was born in Thalif in 576 AD or six years younger than Muhammad. At the invitation of Abu Bakr, Utsman converted to Islam. The Messenger of Allah loved Utsman so much that he was married to Ruqaya, the daughter of Muhammad. After Ruqayah died, Muhammad married Utsman back with another daughter, Ummu Khulthum.
The public knows Utsman as a benefactor. In the Tabuk expedition led by the Apostle, Utsman handed 950 camels, 50 horses and 1,000 dinars of cash. That is, one-third of the expedition costs that he alone. During the reign of Abu Bakr, Utsman also provided grain transported with 1000 camels to help the poor who suffered in the dry season.
In its time, the strength of Islam widened its expansion. For the first time, Islam has a formidable fleet. Muawiyah bin Abu Sofyan who controls the territory of Syria, Palestine and Lebanon built the fleet. About 1,700 ships are used to develop the region to islands in the Mediterranean Sea. Cyprus, Rodhes Island attacked. Constantinople was even under siege.
However, Utsman has serious flaws. He too much raised his family to become a government official. Important positions handed over to the Umayyads. The most controversial is the appointment of Marwan bin Hakam as state secretary. Many are suspicious, Marwan was actually in control of power in Utsman's time.
In those days, the position of Muawiyah son Abu Sofyan began to towering away the big names like Khalid bin Walid. Amr bin Ash who succeeded to become Governor of Egypt, was dismissed replaced by Abdullah bin Abu Sarah -the most active family campaigning for Utsman first. Utsman asked for Amr's help back once Abdullah faced difficulties. After that, he took off again Amr and gave back the chair to Abdullah.
As Governor of Iraq, Azerbaijan and Armenia, Utsman appointed his brother a thousand, Walid bin Ukbah replaced Saad bin Abi Waqas. However Walid was unable to run the government well. Dissatisfaction spreads throughout society. Simultaneously, there was also the character of Abdullah bin Sabak. He used to be a Jew, and now a polite and pious Muslim. He gets sympathy from many people.
Abdullah argued that the most deserving of Muhammad's successor was Ali. He also mentions that there will be an Imam Mahdi who will appear to save the people in the future -a similar concept of the resurrection of the Prophet Isa adopted by the Christians. Soon the concept was accepted by the people in the territory of former Persian rule, in Iran and Iraq. The influence of Abdullah bin Sabak extends. Utsman failed to solve this problem wisely. Abdullah bin Sabak was expelled to Egypt. Abu Dhar Al-Ghiffari, a very pious figure close to Abdullah, was exiled outside the city of Madina until he died.
Some figures urge Utsman to step down. But Utsman refused. Ali reminded Utsman to return to the lines of Abu Bakr and Umar. Utsman felt there was nothing wrong in his pace. Instead, Marwan stood up and exclaimed ready to defend the Caliphate with the sword. Situasai more heat. In Zulkaedah 35 Hijriah or 656 CE, 500 troops from Egypt, 500 troops from Basra and 500 troops from Kufa moved. They claimed to perform the pilgrimage, but turned out to besiege Medina.
The three unite urged Utsman who was then 82 years old to step down. From Egypt nominated Ali, from Basrah supporting Thalhah and from Kufa chose Zubair to be the successor caliph. All three refused, and instead protected Utsman and persuaded the soldiers to return home. But they refused and even besieged Medina for 40 days. One night they went in to take control of Medina. Utsman who preaches condemned their actions, stoned to fainting.
Utsman persuaded Ali to convince the rebels. Ali did so from Utsman no longer obey Marwan's words. Utsman willing. On Ali's advice, the rebels are home. But suddenly Utsman, on Marwan's advice, took his pledge. The mob is angry. Rebels back to Madinah.
Muhammad son of Abu Bakr was ready to swing the sword. But did not do so after Utsman reprimanded. Al Ghafiki smashed iron into Utsman's head, before Sudan's son Hamran jabbed a sword. On 8 Zulhijah 35 Hijri, Utsman breathed his last while embracing the Quran he read. Since then, Islamic rule has been increasingly colored by blood drops.
Utsman also made an important step for the people. He widened the buildings of the Nabawi Mosque in Madinah and the Al-Haram Mosque in Mecca. He also completed the collection of Quranic manuscripts pioneered by his two predecessors. He appointed four Qur'an reciters, Zaid bin Thabit, Abdullah bin Zubair, Said bin Ash, and Abdurrahman bin Harits, to lead a group of scribes. Paper imported from Egypt and Syria. Seven Qurans he wrote, Each sent to Mecca, Damascus, San'a, Bahrain, Basrah, Kufa and Medina.
In Utsman's time, peaceful expeditions to China were carried out. Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas met with Emperor Chiu Tang Su and had settled in Canton.
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